2.
  -2024
..  
 
(    )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      
        
          
    ?
2.      ?         
    ?
-
3.             
          
4.        '    
  ?      
2.
-
5. () ,           
?
()         -   ?
6.    ' '     ? 
   
-
7.    ,          
      
8. MS-Excel     :
(a)      
()       
2.
  -2024
..  
 
(    )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      
        
          
    ?
:   :   
 
 

   
            -
 ,       ,     
 0  1              -
 ,  ,   -          
    ,          ,
  ,     
    
      ' ,      
      
  
    (1GL) -    
 : 1940–1950  
:   ,  (0s  1s)   
2.
    :           
 , 10110000   "  "    
:
o   
     
o    
:
o          
o       
o     
  
  :    
 0  1        
             -   
 ' 
    (2GL) -   
 : 1950  
:  ,     (   )   

    : 10110000   ,   ADD A, B  
          
:
o   
o      
o    
:
o   - (-   -   )
o   
 
  :        ,     
                
""   
    (3GL) - -   
 : 1950  1970 (     '  
)
: -,          
: , , , , 
    :          (
, "HELLO"  )           
:
2.
o - (  )
o    
o        
o   
:
o     (  )
o   , --    
  :           ,   
  
 -  ,       
    (4GL) -   
 : 1970–1990  
:  -, - 
: SQL, MATLAB, Oracle , FoxPro
    :        ,  
        , SQL :
...
      > 90 ;
          
:
o      
o    -      
o  ,        
:
o    
o -    
 
  :  3GLs   ,  4GLs      - 

   
 ,       

   (5GL) -   
 : 1990  
: -, - 
: , LISP, ,   AI- 
2.
    : --    ,   
            
  
:   ,  ,     ,

:
o        '   
o ,   ,     
  
:
o    
o     
  :   ""         , 
   ,      -       
    
         
1.     :
o 1GL  2GL - 
o 3GL  ,          
2.    :
o       
o ,          
3.    :
o       
o -       
4.    :
o    --    
o   -, ,      
5.       :
o 1940   ,       
o , ,           
 
   
        :
1GLLanguage:    ( )
2GLLLanguage:  (  )
3GL:   (- )
4GL:   ( -)
2.
5GL:   (AI-)
       
,      
   

  
         -    
             
   : , , ,   
,  
             
   SQL    ,  
     '   0s 
1s  AI- -       
 
2.      ?         
    ?
:󷇳          
 
   
         
    , 
    ,   
               
    
   ,   , 
    
     
      ,  ?     ,     
      ,   
   ,  ,  
               
  -- ,  
         
󺛺󺛻󺛿󺜀󺛼󺛽󺛾   :      
    ,   
1.  
o 
WhatsApp '      , " , 
 ?"   
 '  
2.
o   (    )      
       0s  1s ( )
2.   
o ,  0  1     

o         ( , 
,    )     
o     ,         
   
o   ,       '   ,   FM
     
3.   
 
o   :   
 ,       
o  :              
, ,    -     
4. 
o    (   , ,  )   
 
o     , ,        
o       ,       
 
  
                   
  
󺃱󺃲󺃳󺃴󺃵   
  :  ,    , 
 :  , - ,   ,  ,
-
       -       -   -
 (  )    
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐:      
2.
󽁗  :   
          
 ,    
   
󹺰󹺱 
:  (   )
:   ,     
:
o    
o      (   )
o , 
      
:
o   -          
o   -     
o              
󹷂󹷃󹷄󹷅󹷆󹷇󹷈󹷋󹷉󹷊 
:  ( ,  , )
:  , -,   
:
2.
1.   - 
 ,    ,     
        
2.  -         
;  
   
3.  -      , -   
  
4.   -  -    , ,
       
5.   -   ,   (  ,
 ,    )        
 
:
o            
o   -     
o   , 
      
󷇮󷇭     
 ?
    
    '         
  !  -       
      
   :
 ( ,  )
   ( ,  )
  ( '   )
  (,  )
 ,      
-       
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
          ,  ,    
        
         
 
2.
        
      - , ,
,   -  
           
  
󷄧󼿒
           ,   
   ,      -   
,   
- 
      
 
        
,      ,  
     ,    
      
 
     
WhatsApp      ,   :  
      ,         󷇳󽆪󽆫󽆬
-
3.             
          
:     '        
 

   
      ,    
   ,
 
 ,     
  -    
  
         
     :
    
,     ,       
'       ,        
    CRTs      LED  OLED  ,    
   :         ,  
       
     '    
2.
         
     
     -          --
 :
1.    
CPU     ,    
  
      ,       
,        ,     
        
2.    
: , ,  
: , , 
: , ,  
 : ,      -

 
3.     
          
     ,   '     
      
  
 
4.   
 (  ):    ,    
LCD (  ): , , -
LED (   ):  ,  
OLED ( LED):  ,  , -   
   
       ,     ' 

  
,      ,         
       
1.   ?
   (   )   
   ' 

     '  ×        
2.
: 1920 × 1080         1920  
 1080   
    ,         ,    
  
2. :    
     
   
 ,         
 
            
3.  
 (1280 × 720):       
 HD (1920 × 1080):     
2K (2560 × 1440): ,         
4K (3840 × 2160): - ,      
8K (7680 × 4320): -,   ,      
4.       
:          
:        
  :            
o 1080p  24-       
o  1080p  55-      
  
 
 :
o         
o       
o            
    
     ,        :
 :        (Hz   )   
(120Hz, 144Hz)   
 
 :     
  : -        
 ,      ,       
2.
     
           
  ,            ,  
 
  ,            ,   
      
       -      
    -        
    
  
:   ' -       
:         
  
:          '  
 
 :            
 

      -       ,   
            ,    
     
  
 ,            '    
    ,  ,        
  ,           
    CRTs     - 4K  8K  , 
          - , ,
               :  

 ,    
    
2.
4.        '    
  ?      
: :     
   
               
   '  ,    
 
 ,   , 
      ,            
      , ,         
 ?            
     
1.    
    :
             
 '             
  (   )     (    ) '  
 ,            - 
  -    
2.      ?
       :
(a)  
   (     )      , 
   ,  -           
       
      
         
          ()  ,   ()

()   (  )
2.
 
   '     ,       
          
    0 
  
    1 
  
 
   0  1 ( )  ,    -
, ,  -        
(c)   (  )
 
 CD/DVD   
 ,       
    
    
 ,        
 1
    
 ,        -  0
 ,  -       ,    
     
  
 ,             
 ,    '       
3.   '    -- 
     ,   :
1. -   ( ,  )   (0s  1s)   
 
2.   -            
  
3. -              
4. -        ;     ,  ' 
,         
5. -  ,      , ,  
   -    
2.
4.     
    -       :
1.  ( ):
o :  700 MB
o ,         
2.  (  ):
o : 4.7 GB ( )  8.5 GB ( )
o ,         
3. - :
o : 25 GB ( )     128 GB 
o -            
4.  :
o    ,       
5.   ( ):
o           
5.    
:    
:   (  )     

 :      
  : ,       

 '    
6.    
        
 / 
         
      USB   
7.    
                
  :
2.
     :
 =  ( )
 =  (  )
         
        
8. 
 ,             
 
                 
   ,        ,   
    -      ,   '  
             , 
,   -         
      
  :         ,  
   ,           


-
5. () ,           
?
()         -   ?
2.
:(a)    (, , )   
()         - 
 

   
        
  ,  
 ,   ,         ,   
  ,         
      
  
 - 
       ,   
   
           (OS)     ,
         
       
   , OS   
     —CPU,  ,
,       
,   OS     - Windows, macOS,  Linux -    
        ,  
    
       
 ():      
1.  -  
      ,        
            
- : -  , ,   
         
 
 :      MS Office ,
Photoshop ,  -  '       
:           ,
            
 : -  ( ),  , 
     
 
:     ,      
   
  : -, ,  OneDrive  
   
 :        ,   , 
      
2.
2. macOS –   
    macOS,  ,      
     
 :  , ,    '   
   : macOS iPhones, iPads,  Apple Watches 
       AirDrop  Handoff    

 
  : macOS UNIX 
 '   ,   
 
       '     
  :      ,    
 :           ,
     
 :  ,        
 
 
 : macOS      , ,    
       
3.  -   
 - ,       ,        
,         
 :   ,     (,  , , )
:           
 
:    -       
:   '      
  : , ,      
      
 :        Linux 

  
 :     , ,      
       
   
:  ,       
:         
:  ,  ,        

2.
  ,     
    -   
       ,  ,   
 ():         - 
,  Windows          
           ,
,           , 
 
-        
  
        :
1.    /   /   /  
     -     
 
   : , ,   
     
:     
      
2.  
           
   :           
:           
3.  
,  , ,       
  
   :     
:        

       
4.   
  ( , )       
  
   :     
5.  
         
  
   :       
    
  
  
  
2.
   -        - 
 :
  
     -   ()
  
    ( )   
  
  () '     
  , 
       
 

  ,  ,   -   ,  -
               
    ,         , 
           ,  
   
    
,  ,       
   
 ,     
      ,  
    
          , 
        -  - , ,
 -    
 ,  
       ,    
  ,            ,   : 
   ,          ,  
   

,           


6.    ' '     ? 
   
:       (    )
  
 : 
   ,           
"








100




 






,










 





,








"
2.
, 
 ?  
  100  -    -  
?       , ?󺆅󺆙󺆚󺆆󺆇󺆘
            
    
      , "  !         100 
  "
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ?
               
 (  ,  , , ,  )     :
1.   ()-          
2.  -         (  , ,  ,
 , )
      ,         
          
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭  -    
         '  
  ( )
 , 
       :
 <  >,
                  ,
<Student Name> (  : <Roll Number>),     
   
: 20  2025
:  
:  5:00 
      
,

    < >.    
      

2.
2.   (    )

            :
  
  
 
 

101
 

102
 

103
3.  
   ,        ,  
 
 :
 1:
  ,
                 
,  (  : 101),   ...
 2:
   ,
                 
,  (  : 102),   ...
 3:
  ,
                 ,
 (  : 103),   ...
  ,    -      

󷇮󷇭   - 
      
   ,       '
         :
1.  - , ,     
2. - -      
3.  -           
  
2.
4.  -  '    
5.  -          
󺬣󺬡󺬢󺬤    ()
     :
1.      ' 
2.       (, , ,  ) 
3.      
         
4.      '   (  ,  , ) 
5.          '  
6.  , Finish & Merge '       !
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 ?
 
 - 100    , 
      
 
   -           

  
  -   -     
- , ,  , ,        
  
󷘧󷘨      
         
     100   
  
      (   )
      -  
 
 ,          '  
     
             
  
2.
󷄧󼿒 
,     :
           , ,   
            (  ,
,  )  
       
 ,   
 ,   
 
  
  :   +   =     
  , 
(  )   100       
     !
-
7.    ,          
      
: 

   
         
 
  ,    ,   
    
  , 
     
   - 
  
       ,         
       
   :          

  - ""  ,     '      
    ,        ,   
       ,     :  ,
  ,    
          
    -  
   : ,  ,   
1.   -   
      
    '    
 ,          
   
2.
  ():         
   
    
 , ,     
  ():          
  
  '      '    
  ():         
  
 
   
 :     
     ,  

,     
   : 
,    
     
 :      -    
   :          
 
:    
          
  ,  '      ,     '      
        
2.    -  
   
    ,       
           
     
    '     
     
    
 :           
 
--: 
      '   
 
: 
         
:            
    
   :      5  3 
   ,   
  : 
             
  
    :    
     
  : 
    '     
2.
:               
         , 
         
  '  
 
3.    -   
 ,      ,    
 :    
       '    ,    

    
- :  -    ,    
 
 :       ,  ,    
 
  :         

   
  ():      ,     

 ,          
  
    
 :      
 : 
      ,     
,     
  : -    '    , 
  
:        '        
 ,   ,      '     
    
  
    
   ,    -  :


   

 
  
 
 , ,  
 


 
 
   
  ,  
 , 
 
 
 

   
 
   

 ' 
2.
  
  
           :
       
         
         
             : 

  ,    ,         
  
 
  
   
"   " '      
1.   :
o 
" ," " ,"  ""   
 
 
o 
        "      
"    
2.    :
o        "" " " 
    
o 
      
o   
  '       
3.    :
o 
     ,  '    
   
o 
       '   
o  , 
    ,      
   

 ,   ,        
 -
                  
               
                 
  
  ,               
      , 
   
 - 

,         
2.
 ,    
PowerPoint ,  : 
  '  
 
 
 ,    ,           
          
8. MS-Excel     :
(a)      
()       
: 

   
             
      ,           
  ,              
,  
   ,         MS-Excel 
,            ,     
  ,         :
1.     
2.       
        
(a)     
     ,              
  -  , B2, C3, A5  
     ,  
 "      "    
      
           
      
1.   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:        
      
           
2.
󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍 :   
 B2  ,  
 , "     
  "  
 B3     ,       
: "     "
   :
 
B2  =A2+10   ,   B3    ,  
=A3+10  
       ' ""       
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐   :

=A1+10 → 15
=A2+10 → 16
=A3+10 → 17
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔,  B        -  ""  
2.   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:        
       

 
$  (  $A$1)        ""  
󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍 :    
  A1       ,
 
      
 B2, B3,  Z100    , 
 A1 
 '  
   :
 
B2  =$A$1+10   ,   B3    ,   
=$A$1+10  
 ""  
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐   :

=$A$1+10 → 15
=$A$1+10 → 15
=$A$1+10 → 15
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔, 
    ,   A1     
2.
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃     

  (A1)
  ($A$1)
  '
?
󷄧󼿒
󽆱
  ?


 
 

  , ,   

 
 ?
            
 
 
       (  GST ,   ,  ,
)           
  ,       
 
()      
           '       
    ()       ()
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:
             
(AZ  Z–A),  (          ),    
1.  
     ()
A  Z ( )
     ()
󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍 :           
  1    50     ,        
   
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐  ( ):
2.



45

55

70

80
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :



45

55

70

80
2.  
     ()
Z  A ( )
       ()
󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍 :             
        
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐  (  ):



80

70

55

45
     
1.      
2.    ' 
3. A  Z    (  )  Z  A    (  ) 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       !
2.
   
?
            
   (    )     
            
 
       
  
 
,       :
  -    - "    "
      "  A1 "
 , ,            
 (  )       (  )
      
      
        
     ,  
          !
"               

       ,         "